Key Terms:
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"Self-Reliance"
- A lecture-essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson that reflected the spirit of individualism during the 1830s and 1840s.
rendezvous
- the marketplace of the Northwest fur trade where traders would set up camp in the Rocky Mountains to trade goods for beaver pelts.
ecological imperialism
- The spoiling of natural western resources that were used by excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.
Ancient Order of Hibernians
- Irish society which served as a benevolent organization for Irish immigrants that were in the U.S.
Molly Maguires
- Secret societies of Irish miners that campaigned against bad working conditions in Pennsylvania mines.
Tammany Hall
- Political machine in New York that got support from the city's immigrants who depending on Tammany Hall.
Know-Nothing party
- A nativist political party that was created as a response to an influx of immigrants.
Awful Disclosures
- Maria Monk's expose of horrors in Catholic convents.
Industrial Revolution
- A shift in America to mass production and mechanization which created the modern factory system.
cotton gin
- Invention by Eli Whitney which sped up the process of harvesting cotton, making cotton growing more profitable and it boosted the Southern economy and increase the need for slavery.
Patent Office
- Part of the federal government that reviews patent applications which was legal recognition of an invention and gave exclusive rights to the inventor for a certain amount of years.
limited liability
- The facilitation of capital investments by giving protection to individual investors that can't be held responsible for more than their individual share.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
- Massachusetts Supreme Court ruling that made a firmer labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.
factory girls
- Women that were employed into the factories in the early 19th century, laboring many hours living in new social conditions.
cult of domesticity
- Cultural creed that respected the domestic role of women giving married women higher authority in home life but still limited opportunities outside the home.
McCormick reaper
- Turned the harvesting of grains to machines allowing for more cultivation which led to the big commercial agriculture in the Midwest.
turnpike
- Public road that had a toll that was built in the early 19th century for commerce and were privately funded.
Erie Canal
- Canal in New York that connected Lake Erie and the Hudson River which lowered shipping costs and started an economic boom in upstate and it increased profit from farming in the Old Northwest.
clipper ships
- Small ships that gave an advantage in trade for American shippers.
Pony Express
- A fast mail service that ran between Missouri and California that relied on light riders to gallop between close outposts.
transportation revolution
- A series of transportation innovations like turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads which connected local and regional markets which allowed for a national economy.
market revolution
- A transformation in America that started national commerce and industrial networks.